Correlation between prostate size and age of patients evaluated for symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia

Background: Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is the commonest cause of bladder outlet obstruction (BOO) in middle age and elderly men. Prostate size increases as a man ages. It has been documented that age and androgens are the greatest risk factors for BPH progression. The size of the prostate can predict the future need and outcome of BPH–related surgery. The aim of this study was to correlate prostatic size (volume) with age of patients evaluated for symptomatic BPH. Patients and method: This was a retrospective study of one hundred and ninety two (192) patients that were evaluated for BPH in two (2) urology centers in Nigeria between January 2018 and June 2019. Patient’s bio-data, findings on history and physical examination, relevant laboratory and imaging studies, in particular, trans-rectal ultrasound reports of the prostate were collated and analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 20.0. Results: 192 men with a mean age of 64.23±9.47 years were evaluated. Majority of the patients presented in their 7th decade of life. Mean prostate volume was 67.59±45.70mls while mean prostate specific antigen (PSA) was 4.76±4.59ng/ml. Correlation between prostate volume and age was weak; r(192) = .172, P<0.05. Conclusion: Prostate size (volume) in our cohort of patients showed a weak correlation with age.


Introduction
BPH has been known worldwide as a disease affecting aging males.It is noted to be a progressive disease whose greatest risk factor for progression is 1 age.Androgens have also been documented apart 2 from age.Prostate gland is a male organ that typically increases in size throughout a man's lifetime and noted to predict the outcome and future 3 need for BPH-related surgery.It can also be used to 4 determine episodes of acute urinary retention, therefore it is quite needful to study the natural history of BPH as a follow up with age.Some authors had documented a steady increase in prostate volume with age and a peak at between 56-5 65 years and thereafter a rapid decline which will require longitudinal studies to confirm.This however could be explained by atrophy of the peripheral zone in BPH.Growth of the transitional zone tends to be the major contributor to increase in prostate size attributed to 6 changes in androgen level and nodular size.There are several modalities of measurement of prostate size including digital rectal examination (DRE), trans-rectal ultrasound scan (TRUS), transabdominal ultrasound scan (TAUS) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).Each of these has its own merits and demerits.Imaging techniques are preferred over DRE where available and where reliability is critical.Our study centered on the need to correlate prostate volume with age since the former tends to increase as a man ages.However, we have observed that most of our patients do not know their true age which may affect our result to some extent.

Patients and method
This was a retrospective study of 192 patients who presented with lower urinary tract symptoms (LUTS) for care in the urology clinic of our hospital and urology clinic at Nigerian Christian Hospital, Nglagu, Abia State, Nigeria between January 2018 to June 2019.Data from the records library of the two hospitals were collated and entered into a proforma.These included patient's bio-data, findings on history and physical examination with focused DRE of the prostate, relevant laboratory investigation results including PSA, full blood count, renal function test, urinalysis, urine culture and documentation of TRUS findings of the prostate.Data was analyzed using SPSS version 20.0.Statistical significance was set at 5% (p value = 0.05).In this article, men in their 7th and 8th decade of life had larger prostate sizes that showed a decline thereafter (Table 4) although fewer older patients were evaluated.This could be due to prostatic atrophy in older population which however will need a longitudinal study to confirm.The mean PSA was 4.76 ± 4.59ng/ml which was 17 higher than studies of men with BPH in Korea , 16 13 Japan and India lower than a cohort of men in 18 Taiwan who also recorded smaller mean prostate volume.A possible explanation is that Taiwanese men may likely produce more PSA per unit prostate tissue.However, this will need further studies to confirm.Correlation between prostate size and age was weak ( and Korean men.This apart from the expected ethno-racial and genetic contributing factors, patients in these countries may likely present early for evaluation unlike patients in our locality who present late for care.Also in our work, more patients had prostate volume >50mls similar to a report by 13 Rupam et al who also evaluated men in the same age bracket with BPH.The implication here is that, patients in our cohort will likely benefit from a combination therapy with α -adrenergic blockers and 5α-reductase inhibitors and possibly open surgery when indicated, whereas patients of Indonesian, Japanese, Saudi and Korean extractions may likely benefit from monotherapy with α - This wide discrepancy in results may likely be due to differences in the population of patients studied with background diverse ethnic or geographical factors influencing the biology of prostate growth and development.The limitation of this study was that patients were hospital-based who presented late for care hence their advanced age and larger prostate sizes compared to other studies.Many of our patients also do not know their true age due to the absence of birth registry when they were born, high level of illiteracy and ignorance all of which may have affected our results in some ways.However, our findings are in concordance with many other studies agreeing that prostate size increases with age especially in BPH patients.Accurate prostate size measurement in symptomatic BPH patients can guide decision making as to medical (mono or combination therapy) or surgical (minimal access or open) management, age being an important variable.

Conclusion
Despite inconsistencies in the literature, compatible studies have documented varying degrees of correlation between prostate size and age including our study.The differences may be ascribed to diversities in the population studied with its ethnic and genetic component that can modulate the biology and developmental growth of the prostate.Different methodologies and sample sizes can also influence the results.However, the fact remains that prostate size is age-related.

Table 1 : Age distribution of patients Correlation between prostate size and age...
than 70 years of age.Bushman and Lee et al noted differently that BPH is age-related whose 8 prevalence also increases with age.Same author documented the prevalence of pathological BPH (histologically diagnosed) as 8% and 50% in the 4th and 6th decade of life respectively.Prostate size can be estimated by DRE as well as imaging studies such as TRUS, but data from several epidemiologic studies actually showed that 8,10 DRE over-estimates smaller prostates while larger prostate sizes are under-estimated compared 11 12 to TRUS measurements.Roehrborn CG et al also noted that TRUS is superior to DRE in terms of prostate volume estimation.www.ibommedicaljournal.org 13 Ibom Med.J. Vol.13 No.1 January, 2020

Table 3 : Descriptive statistics for variablesTable 4 : Cross tabulation: age/prostate volume categoriesTable 5 : Correlation between prostate volume and age
Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed): r (192) = .172,P<.05* adrenergic blockers and minimal access prostate surgery by reason of prostate size.Although this may be interpreted with caution where the study design, sample size, techniques of measurement, methodology and populations studied are quite different.

Table 5
22 Oesterling et al; r=0.43 P<0.001.Other authors on In this study, the mean age of the patients was 64.23±9.47 years similar to another study by Rupam 13 et al in Asian men.In a study of Indonesian men 14 with BPH, Ida et al reported a slightly older population (66.09±8 years) although in the same decade bracket.The mean prostate volume (PV) was 67.57±45.70mlshigher than a similar study by Ponco B, Levina SP.Correlation between prostate volume, prostate specific antigen level, prostate specific antigen density and age in the benign prostate hyperplasia patients.Med J Indones 1999;8:(4).20.Sasanka KB, Simanta JN, Rajeer TP, Saumar JB, Phanindra MD, Bikash B. Correlation of age prostate volume, serum prostate specific antigen and serum testosterone in Indian, Benign prostatic hyperplasia patients.Uro Today Int.J. 2012; 5(5).21.Collins GN, Lee RJ, Mckelvie GB, Rogers CN, Mehir M. Relationship between prostate specific antigen, prostate volume and age in the benign prostate.Br J Urol 1993, 71:445-450.22. Oesterling JE, Jacobsen SJ, Chute CG, Guess HA, Girman CJ, Panster LA, et al.Serum prostate specific antigen in a community based population of healthy men.JAMA 1993; 270(7): 860 -864.23.Morote J, Encabo G. Prediction of prostate volume based on total and free serum prostate, specific antigen.Is it reliable?Eur Urol 2000;38(1):91-95.